Haematology and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Red Sokoto Bucks Fed Gmelina arborea Leaf Meal as a Substitute for Soya Bean Meal
Keywords:
Haematology, Serum Biochemical Indices, Gmelina aborea
Abstract
The haematological and serum biochemical parameters of red sokoto bucks was determined using Gmelina arborea leaf meal (GLM) substituting soya bean meal (SBM) in a completely randomized design with four animals per treatment was used for the study. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments while Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was not significant (P>0.05) both at initial and final values. Monocytes and basophils were not significant at initial collection. The rests of the biochemical parameters showed significant difference (P<0.05) for all the parameters studied except for potassium, magnesium ions, total protein and creatinine which shows significant difference (P>0.05) at the final values. Generally both the haematological and biochemical values fall within the normal range and hence the animals are deemed safe at the end of the trial.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdu, S.B., Hassan, M.R., Jokthan, G.E., Adamu, H.Y., Yashim, S.M. and Yusuf, K. (2012). Effect of varied inclusion levels of gmelina (gmelina arborea) leaf meal on intake, digestibility and nitrogen in red sokoto bucks fed on sorghum glum based complete diets. Advances in Agriculture, Sciences and Engineering Research 2 (2): 79-84.
Acamovic, T., Steward, C. S. and Pennycott, T. W. (eds) (2004). Poisons plants and related toxins. Oxford University Press, 608pp
Addas, P. A.; Midau, A and Babale, D. M (2010). Haemato-biochemical findings of Indigenous Goats in Mubi Adamawa State Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Science 6:14-16.
Adeloye AA, Akinsoyinu AD (1985). Phosphorus requirements of young west African dwarf (Fouta djallon) goat for maintenance and growth. Nutr. Rep. Intern. 32:239-244. A
Aengwanich, W., Chantiratikul A. and Pamok, S. (2009). Effect of seasonal variations on haematological values and health monitor of crossbred beef cattle at slaughterhouse in Northeastern part of Thailand. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5(5): 644-648.
Akinmutimi, A. H (2004) Evaluation of Sword Bear Canavalia gladiate) as an alternative feed resources for broiler chickens Ph. D Thesis Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.
Akinsoyinu, A.O. and Onwuka, C.F.I. (1988). : Mineral constituents of some browse plants used in ruminants feeding in Southern Nigeria.: Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 15: 56 62.
Altman, R. B (1979). Avian clinical Pathology, Radiology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases. In: Proceedings of American Animals Hospitals Association, South Bend. IN.
Amata, I. A. and Lebari, T. (2011). Comparative evaluation of the nutrient profile of four selected browse plants in the tropics, recommended for use as non-conventional livestock feeding materials. African Journal Biotechnology 10 (64):14230-14233.
AOAC (2002). Official Methods of Analysis of Official Analytical Chemists (W. Horwtz ed.) 17th Edition, Association of Analytical Chemists, Washington. DC
Babayemi, O. J., Demeyer, D. and Fievez, V. (2004a). Nutritional value of qualitative assessment of secondary compound in seeds of eight tropical browse, shrub and pulse legumes. Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci. Ghent University, 69/1: 103-110
Babayemi, O. J., Demeyer, D. and Fievez, V. (2004b). In vitro fermentation of tropical browse seeds in relation of their content of secondary metabolites. J. Ani. Feed Sci.
13 Suppl. 1: 31-34
Baker, F. S and Silverton, R. E (1982) Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology. 8th Edition Publ. Butteworth S. C. London, Pp 481-494.
Barry, H. J. (1987). Secondary compounds of forages. In: Nutrition of herbivores. Hacker, J.B. and Ternouth, J. H. (eds) A. P. Sydney pp. 91-120.
Barry, T. N. and Duncan, S. J. (1984). The role of condenced tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. I. Voluntary intake. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists 65: 496-497.
Beever, D.E., (1982). Protein utilization from pasture. In: Griffiths, T.W., Maguire, M.F. (Eds.), Forage Protein Conservation and Utilisation. Commission of the European Communities, Dublin, Ireland, p. 99.
Belmar, R., Nava-Montero, R., Sandoval-Castro, C., Menab, J. M. (1999). Jackbean (canuvalia ensiforms L. DC) in poultry diets: Anti-nutritional factors and detoxification studies. A. Review. Poultry Science Journal 55 (1) 37-59
Benjamin, M.M. (1978). Outlined of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 3rd Ed, the Iowa state University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Bentrick, S. (1974). Haematology, Textbook of Veterinary Pathology. Publ. Williams and Co Baltimore, PP: 217-224
Banerjee, G. C (2007). A Textbook of Animal Husbandry. 8th Edn. Published by Raju Primlani for Oxford and IBJ publishing Co. PVT Ltd, New Delhi Pp 1079.
Bradbury, M. G; Egan, S. V and Bradbury, J. H (1999). Determination of all forms of Cyanogen in cassava Roots and cassava Products Using Picrate paper kits. J.S. Clinical cases of Small ruminants in Zaria, Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Heath and Production in Africa 30, 111-116.
Cheesbrough, M. (2004). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part 2 University Press Cambridge United Kingdom, 266-342.
Cheeke, P. R. (1971). Nutritional and Physiological implication Saponins: A Review.Canadian Journal of Animal Science 51: 621-623
Church, D. C. (1975). Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminant Vol 1, 2nd Ed. Corvallis, Oregon, O and B Books. 350pp
Coles, E. H. (1986) Veterinary Clinical Pathology 4th edition, WB Saunders Company. Philadelphia. Pp 498-517
Duke, H.H. (1975). Duke's Physiology of Domestic Animals.. 8th Edn. Theca and London Cornstock Publishing associates, a Division of Cornell University Press, Pp: 33.
Egbe – Nwiyi, T. N; Nwaosu, S. C and Salami, H. A. (2000). Haematological Values of Apparently Healthy sheep and goats as influenced by age and sex in Arid Zone of Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 3: 109-115.
Esonu, B.O. (2001). Comparative evaluation of raw and urea treated valvet bean (Mucuna pruiens) for broiler chicks. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 28; 40-44.
Everist, S. L. (1981). Poisonous plants of Australia. Revised edition. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.
Ewuola E.O., Falayan O.A. Cibore, F.A., Adebunmi, A.I Akinji R.A., Ogunlade J.T. and Adeneye J.A (2004). Physiological response of growing West African Dwarf goats fed groundnut shell-based diets as concentrate supplements. BOWEN J. Agric 1 (1): 61-69
Ganong, W. F. (2005) Review of Medical Physiology 22nd edition McGraw Hill Medical Publication Asias Pp. 459- 532.
Gray, C. H and Howarth, P.J.N. (1980) Clinical Chemical Pathology. 9th Edn. English Languageq AAA Book Society and Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd; London.
Haenlein, G.F.W. 1987. Mineral and vitamin requirements and deficiencies. Proc. IVth Intern. Conf. Goats, Brasilia, Brazil, March 8-13, 1249.
Harper, H. A., Rodwell, V. W and Mayer, P. A. (1977). Review of Physiological Chemistry 6th Edn. California Lange Medical Publishers.704pp. Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cholesterol.
Hart, S.P., Sahlu, T., 1993. Mohair production and body-weight gains of yearling Angora goats grazing forages with different tannin levels. In: Proceedings of the XVII International Grasslands Congress, Palmerston North, New Zealand, p. 575.
Henry, R.J., Chiamori, N., Golub, O.J. and Berkman S. (1960) Revise spectrophotometricmethod for Determination of Glutamic oxalatic Transaminase and Glutanic Pyruvale Transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase AM.J Clinical path 34:381.
Ishaya, S. and I.B. Abaje, (2008). Indigenous people’s perception on climate change and adaptation strategies in Jema’a local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Geography Regional Planning. 1(8): 138-143.
Jain N.C. (1986). Haemotological Techniques in: Schalms Veterinary Haematology. Lea and Febiger Philadelphia pp: 20-86.
Jain N.C. (1993). Essentials of Veterinary Haemotology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, : pp: 1-18.
Kamalu, T. N; Sheffy, S. N and Nair, S. G (1988) Biochemistry of Blood of West African dwarf goats. Tropical Veterinarian 6: 2-5.
Kaneko. J .J. (1989). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 4th ed. Academic Press., San Diego.
Karnezos, T.P., Matches, A.G., Preston, R.L., Brown, C.P., (1994). Corn supplementation of lambs grazing alfalfa. Journal Animal Science 72, 783–789.
Kopp, R and J. Hetesa (2000). Changes of haematological studies in adolescent breeding cocks. Acta veterinarian Brunensis 69:189-194.
Kumar, R. and D’Mello, J. P. F. (1998). Antinutritional factors in forage legumes. In: tropical legumes in animal nutrition D’Mello J. P. F. and Devendra, D. (eds) CAB International Wallingford UK.
Kumar, R. (2003). Anti-nutritive factors, the potential risks oftoxicity and methods to alleviate them. http://www.faop.org/DOCREP/003/TO632 E/T0632E10.htm
Latimer, K. S., Mahaffey, E.A and Prasse, K.W (2004). Clinical pathology: veterinary laboratory Medicine 4th Ed., Iowa State University Press Ames, Iowa, USA.
Maga, J.A. (1982). Phytate: It’s chemistry, occurrence, food interaction, nutritional significance and methods of analysis. Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry. 30 (1): 1- 9.
Makkar, H. P. S. (2000). Quantification of tannins in tree foliage-a laboratory manual; a joint FAO/IAEA working document, Vienna, Austria.
Mbassa, G. K; and Poulsen, J.S.D (1993). Reference range for haematological values in landrace goats: Small. Ruminant Research 9, 367-376.
Meissner H.H, Viij, M.D, Van Neierkeki W.A. (1991). Intake and Digestibility by Sheep of Anthephora, Panicum Rhode and Smuts Finger Grass Pastures: proceedings of the 4th International Rangeland Congress, September, Montipellier, France. 1991, 648 – 649.
Minson, D.J, (1990). Forage in Ruminant Nutrition, Academic Pres, San Diego, U S A, 483 – 484.
Mitruka, B. M and Rawnsley, H. M (1977). Clinical Biochemistry and Haematological Refrence vaues in Normal Experimental Animals. Massion publishing. U. S. A. Pp 42-47.
Njidda, A.A. (2010). Chemical composition, fibre fraction and anti-nutritional substances of Semi-arid browse forages of North-Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 18(2): 181-188.
Njidda, A. A. (2011). Evaluation of the potential nutritive value of browse forages of semi-arid region of Nigeria. Ph D. Thesis, Ambrose Alli University, Nigeria. 219pp.
Njidda, A.A.,, Hassan, I.T., and Olatunji, E. A. (2013). Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Goats of Semi-arid Environment Fed On Natural Grazing Rangeland of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 3(2): 01-08
Njidda, A. A., Alabi, O. J. and Olafadehan, O. A (2016a). Rumen fermentation and energy utilization of red sokoto goats fed cowpea husk substituting Daniella oliveri foliage Journal of Animal Production Research 28(1):205-214.
Njidda, A.A., Olafadehan, A. O. and Alkali, H. A. (2016b). Dry matter degradability of five ficus species using in situ and in vitro techniques. Journal Animal Production Research 28(2):11-27
Njidda, A.A., Zikachat, S.S. and Udokpoh, P.R. (2018). Effect of substituting soya bean meal with gmelina arborea leaf meal on performance and morphological characteristics of red sokoto bucks Nigerian Agricultural Journal 49, (2): 294-301.
Njidda, A. A. and Mohammed, N. (2019). Rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen utilization of red sokoto bucks fed gmelina arborea leaf meal substituting soybean meal Journal of Animal Production Research. 31(2):129-138
Odunye O.O and Adedevon B.K (1976), Bio chemical values of apparently Normal Nigerian sheep. Nigerian veterinary Journal 5(1): 43-50.
Ogunsanmi, O.A, Ozegbe, P.C, Ogunjobi, D ., Taiwo, V.O and Adu, J.O . (2002). Haematology Plasma Biochemistry and whole blood minerals of the captive Adult African Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderiamus, Temnick) Tropical Veterinarian 20 (1):27-35.
Okafor, E.C., Lakpini, C.A.M. and Fayomi, A. (2012). Dried gmelina (Gmelina arborea roxb) leaves as replacement forage to groundnut haulms in the diet of fattening Red Sokoto bucks. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 1(1): 5-10.
Okagbare, G.O., Akpodiete, O.J., Esiekpe, O. and Onagbesan, O.M. (2004). Evaluation of Gmelina arborea Leaves Supplemented with Grasses (Panicum Maximum and Pennisetum purpureum) as Feed for West African Dwarf Goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production 36, 593–598.
Okoli, I. C., Maureen, O., Anunobi, O., Obua, B. E. and Enemuo, V. (2003). Studies on selected browses of southeastern Nigeria with particular reference to their proximate and some endogenous anti-nutritional constituents. Livestock Research for Rural Development 15 (9): 3-7.
Olafadehan, O. A., Adewumi, M.K. and Okunade, S. A. (2014). Effects of feeding tannin containing forage in varying proportion with concentrate on the voluntary intake, haematological and biological indices of goats. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 1: 73 – 81.
Olafadehan, O.A., Njidda, A.A.,Okunade, S.A. Salihu, S.O., Balogun, D.O. and Salem, A.Z.M. (2018). Performance and haemtochemical parameters of buck-kids fed concentrate partially replaced with tropical Piliostigma thonningii foliage. Animal Science Journal 89, 340–347
Oluremi, O.I.A and Sridhar. M.K.C (2004). Effect of domestic effluent utilization on the blood characteristics of growing pullets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31:200 206.
Oser, B.L. (1979). Hawks Physiological Chemistry. Mc Grew Hill publishing company. New Delhi, India.
Osuga, I. M., Abdulrazak, S. A., Ichinohe, T. and Fujihara, T. (2006). Rumen degradation and in vitro gas production parameters in some browse forages, grasses and maize stover from Kenya. Journal of the Food, Agriculture and Environment 4: 60-64.
Pearson, D. (1976). The chemical analysis of foods. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh. Pp. 352-354.
Peters T., Biamonte, G. T. and Doumas, B.T. (1982). Protein (Total protein) in serum. In : selected method of clinical chemist. Faulkner\, G.W.R and S. Mates (eds).American Association of Clinical Chemist. Pp 100-115.
Polshettiwar, S.A., Ganjiwale, R.O., Wadher, S.J., Yeole, P.G. (2007). Spectrophotometric estimation of total tannins in some ayurvedic eye drops. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 69 (4):574-576.
Peinado, V. I., Celdran, J. F. and Palomeque, J. (1999). Basic haematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity. Comparative Biochemical and Physiological Part A. 124: 199-203.
Reed, J.D. (1986). Relationship among soluble phenolics, insoluble proanthocyanidins and
fibre in East African browse species. Journal Range Management, 39: 5–7.
Sandabe, U.K and Yahi, D (2000). Effect of pregnancy on some haematological parameters in Sahel goats. Annals of Borno. 27: 326-330
SAS. (2004). Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 7th Ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA.
Sharma, D. D. S. and Chandra, S. S. (1969). The nutritive value and toxicity of OHI (Albizia stipulate Bovin) tree leaves. Journal of Research in Ludlhiana 6: 388-393.
Shakoor, A. R., Aslam, F. and Sabir, M. (1992). Effect of prolonged administration of insecticide (Cyhalothrin/karate) on the blood and liver of rabbits. Folia Biology. 40: 91-99
Schalm, O. W,, Jain, N. C and Carol, E. I (1975). Veterinary Haematology. 3rd Edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, P. 144-167.
Sirosis M. (1995). Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Procedure, pp. 160. Mosby Year Book, Inc., St Louis, Missouri, USA.
Tanner, J.C., Reed, J.D. and Owen, E. (1990). The nutritive value of fruits (pods with seeds) from four Acacia spp. Compared with noug (Guizotia abyssinica) meal as supplements to maize stover for Ethiopian highland sheep. Ani. Prod., 51: 127–133.
Teferedegne, B. (2000). New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition. Proceeding of Nutrition Society 59: 209-214.
Tibbo, M., Aragaw, K., Jibril, Y., Woldemeskel, M., Dawo, F. and Rege, J.E.O. (2004). Factors affecting haematological profiles in three Ethiopian indigenous goat breeds. International Journal of Applied Research and Veterinary Medicine 2(4): 297-309.
Turnera, K.E., Wildeusb, S., Collins, J.R., (2005). Intake, performance, and blood parameters in young goats offered high forage diets of lespedeza or alfalfa hay Small Ruminant Research 59: 15–23
Ukanwoko, A.I. and Okehielem O.V. (2016). Effect of Gmelina arborea leaf meal based diets on growth performance of West African Dwarf bucks. Asian Journal of Animal Science 10(2): 154-158.
Vakili AR, Khorrami B, Danesh Mesgaran M, Parand E. 2013. The effects of Thyme and Cinnamon essential oils on performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Holstein calves consuming high concentrate diet. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science 26, 935–944.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. (1991). Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597.
Acamovic, T., Steward, C. S. and Pennycott, T. W. (eds) (2004). Poisons plants and related toxins. Oxford University Press, 608pp
Addas, P. A.; Midau, A and Babale, D. M (2010). Haemato-biochemical findings of Indigenous Goats in Mubi Adamawa State Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Science 6:14-16.
Adeloye AA, Akinsoyinu AD (1985). Phosphorus requirements of young west African dwarf (Fouta djallon) goat for maintenance and growth. Nutr. Rep. Intern. 32:239-244. A
Aengwanich, W., Chantiratikul A. and Pamok, S. (2009). Effect of seasonal variations on haematological values and health monitor of crossbred beef cattle at slaughterhouse in Northeastern part of Thailand. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5(5): 644-648.
Akinmutimi, A. H (2004) Evaluation of Sword Bear Canavalia gladiate) as an alternative feed resources for broiler chickens Ph. D Thesis Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.
Akinsoyinu, A.O. and Onwuka, C.F.I. (1988). : Mineral constituents of some browse plants used in ruminants feeding in Southern Nigeria.: Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 15: 56 62.
Altman, R. B (1979). Avian clinical Pathology, Radiology, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases. In: Proceedings of American Animals Hospitals Association, South Bend. IN.
Amata, I. A. and Lebari, T. (2011). Comparative evaluation of the nutrient profile of four selected browse plants in the tropics, recommended for use as non-conventional livestock feeding materials. African Journal Biotechnology 10 (64):14230-14233.
AOAC (2002). Official Methods of Analysis of Official Analytical Chemists (W. Horwtz ed.) 17th Edition, Association of Analytical Chemists, Washington. DC
Babayemi, O. J., Demeyer, D. and Fievez, V. (2004a). Nutritional value of qualitative assessment of secondary compound in seeds of eight tropical browse, shrub and pulse legumes. Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci. Ghent University, 69/1: 103-110
Babayemi, O. J., Demeyer, D. and Fievez, V. (2004b). In vitro fermentation of tropical browse seeds in relation of their content of secondary metabolites. J. Ani. Feed Sci.
13 Suppl. 1: 31-34
Baker, F. S and Silverton, R. E (1982) Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology. 8th Edition Publ. Butteworth S. C. London, Pp 481-494.
Barry, H. J. (1987). Secondary compounds of forages. In: Nutrition of herbivores. Hacker, J.B. and Ternouth, J. H. (eds) A. P. Sydney pp. 91-120.
Barry, T. N. and Duncan, S. J. (1984). The role of condenced tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. I. Voluntary intake. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists 65: 496-497.
Beever, D.E., (1982). Protein utilization from pasture. In: Griffiths, T.W., Maguire, M.F. (Eds.), Forage Protein Conservation and Utilisation. Commission of the European Communities, Dublin, Ireland, p. 99.
Belmar, R., Nava-Montero, R., Sandoval-Castro, C., Menab, J. M. (1999). Jackbean (canuvalia ensiforms L. DC) in poultry diets: Anti-nutritional factors and detoxification studies. A. Review. Poultry Science Journal 55 (1) 37-59
Benjamin, M.M. (1978). Outlined of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 3rd Ed, the Iowa state University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Bentrick, S. (1974). Haematology, Textbook of Veterinary Pathology. Publ. Williams and Co Baltimore, PP: 217-224
Banerjee, G. C (2007). A Textbook of Animal Husbandry. 8th Edn. Published by Raju Primlani for Oxford and IBJ publishing Co. PVT Ltd, New Delhi Pp 1079.
Bradbury, M. G; Egan, S. V and Bradbury, J. H (1999). Determination of all forms of Cyanogen in cassava Roots and cassava Products Using Picrate paper kits. J.S. Clinical cases of Small ruminants in Zaria, Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Heath and Production in Africa 30, 111-116.
Cheesbrough, M. (2004). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part 2 University Press Cambridge United Kingdom, 266-342.
Cheeke, P. R. (1971). Nutritional and Physiological implication Saponins: A Review.Canadian Journal of Animal Science 51: 621-623
Church, D. C. (1975). Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminant Vol 1, 2nd Ed. Corvallis, Oregon, O and B Books. 350pp
Coles, E. H. (1986) Veterinary Clinical Pathology 4th edition, WB Saunders Company. Philadelphia. Pp 498-517
Duke, H.H. (1975). Duke's Physiology of Domestic Animals.. 8th Edn. Theca and London Cornstock Publishing associates, a Division of Cornell University Press, Pp: 33.
Egbe – Nwiyi, T. N; Nwaosu, S. C and Salami, H. A. (2000). Haematological Values of Apparently Healthy sheep and goats as influenced by age and sex in Arid Zone of Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 3: 109-115.
Esonu, B.O. (2001). Comparative evaluation of raw and urea treated valvet bean (Mucuna pruiens) for broiler chicks. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 28; 40-44.
Everist, S. L. (1981). Poisonous plants of Australia. Revised edition. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.
Ewuola E.O., Falayan O.A. Cibore, F.A., Adebunmi, A.I Akinji R.A., Ogunlade J.T. and Adeneye J.A (2004). Physiological response of growing West African Dwarf goats fed groundnut shell-based diets as concentrate supplements. BOWEN J. Agric 1 (1): 61-69
Ganong, W. F. (2005) Review of Medical Physiology 22nd edition McGraw Hill Medical Publication Asias Pp. 459- 532.
Gray, C. H and Howarth, P.J.N. (1980) Clinical Chemical Pathology. 9th Edn. English Languageq AAA Book Society and Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd; London.
Haenlein, G.F.W. 1987. Mineral and vitamin requirements and deficiencies. Proc. IVth Intern. Conf. Goats, Brasilia, Brazil, March 8-13, 1249.
Harper, H. A., Rodwell, V. W and Mayer, P. A. (1977). Review of Physiological Chemistry 6th Edn. California Lange Medical Publishers.704pp. Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cholesterol.
Hart, S.P., Sahlu, T., 1993. Mohair production and body-weight gains of yearling Angora goats grazing forages with different tannin levels. In: Proceedings of the XVII International Grasslands Congress, Palmerston North, New Zealand, p. 575.
Henry, R.J., Chiamori, N., Golub, O.J. and Berkman S. (1960) Revise spectrophotometricmethod for Determination of Glutamic oxalatic Transaminase and Glutanic Pyruvale Transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase AM.J Clinical path 34:381.
Ishaya, S. and I.B. Abaje, (2008). Indigenous people’s perception on climate change and adaptation strategies in Jema’a local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Geography Regional Planning. 1(8): 138-143.
Jain N.C. (1986). Haemotological Techniques in: Schalms Veterinary Haematology. Lea and Febiger Philadelphia pp: 20-86.
Jain N.C. (1993). Essentials of Veterinary Haemotology. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, : pp: 1-18.
Kamalu, T. N; Sheffy, S. N and Nair, S. G (1988) Biochemistry of Blood of West African dwarf goats. Tropical Veterinarian 6: 2-5.
Kaneko. J .J. (1989). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 4th ed. Academic Press., San Diego.
Karnezos, T.P., Matches, A.G., Preston, R.L., Brown, C.P., (1994). Corn supplementation of lambs grazing alfalfa. Journal Animal Science 72, 783–789.
Kopp, R and J. Hetesa (2000). Changes of haematological studies in adolescent breeding cocks. Acta veterinarian Brunensis 69:189-194.
Kumar, R. and D’Mello, J. P. F. (1998). Antinutritional factors in forage legumes. In: tropical legumes in animal nutrition D’Mello J. P. F. and Devendra, D. (eds) CAB International Wallingford UK.
Kumar, R. (2003). Anti-nutritive factors, the potential risks oftoxicity and methods to alleviate them. http://www.faop.org/DOCREP/003/TO632 E/T0632E10.htm
Latimer, K. S., Mahaffey, E.A and Prasse, K.W (2004). Clinical pathology: veterinary laboratory Medicine 4th Ed., Iowa State University Press Ames, Iowa, USA.
Maga, J.A. (1982). Phytate: It’s chemistry, occurrence, food interaction, nutritional significance and methods of analysis. Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry. 30 (1): 1- 9.
Makkar, H. P. S. (2000). Quantification of tannins in tree foliage-a laboratory manual; a joint FAO/IAEA working document, Vienna, Austria.
Mbassa, G. K; and Poulsen, J.S.D (1993). Reference range for haematological values in landrace goats: Small. Ruminant Research 9, 367-376.
Meissner H.H, Viij, M.D, Van Neierkeki W.A. (1991). Intake and Digestibility by Sheep of Anthephora, Panicum Rhode and Smuts Finger Grass Pastures: proceedings of the 4th International Rangeland Congress, September, Montipellier, France. 1991, 648 – 649.
Minson, D.J, (1990). Forage in Ruminant Nutrition, Academic Pres, San Diego, U S A, 483 – 484.
Mitruka, B. M and Rawnsley, H. M (1977). Clinical Biochemistry and Haematological Refrence vaues in Normal Experimental Animals. Massion publishing. U. S. A. Pp 42-47.
Njidda, A.A. (2010). Chemical composition, fibre fraction and anti-nutritional substances of Semi-arid browse forages of North-Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 18(2): 181-188.
Njidda, A. A. (2011). Evaluation of the potential nutritive value of browse forages of semi-arid region of Nigeria. Ph D. Thesis, Ambrose Alli University, Nigeria. 219pp.
Njidda, A.A.,, Hassan, I.T., and Olatunji, E. A. (2013). Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Goats of Semi-arid Environment Fed On Natural Grazing Rangeland of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 3(2): 01-08
Njidda, A. A., Alabi, O. J. and Olafadehan, O. A (2016a). Rumen fermentation and energy utilization of red sokoto goats fed cowpea husk substituting Daniella oliveri foliage Journal of Animal Production Research 28(1):205-214.
Njidda, A.A., Olafadehan, A. O. and Alkali, H. A. (2016b). Dry matter degradability of five ficus species using in situ and in vitro techniques. Journal Animal Production Research 28(2):11-27
Njidda, A.A., Zikachat, S.S. and Udokpoh, P.R. (2018). Effect of substituting soya bean meal with gmelina arborea leaf meal on performance and morphological characteristics of red sokoto bucks Nigerian Agricultural Journal 49, (2): 294-301.
Njidda, A. A. and Mohammed, N. (2019). Rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen utilization of red sokoto bucks fed gmelina arborea leaf meal substituting soybean meal Journal of Animal Production Research. 31(2):129-138
Odunye O.O and Adedevon B.K (1976), Bio chemical values of apparently Normal Nigerian sheep. Nigerian veterinary Journal 5(1): 43-50.
Ogunsanmi, O.A, Ozegbe, P.C, Ogunjobi, D ., Taiwo, V.O and Adu, J.O . (2002). Haematology Plasma Biochemistry and whole blood minerals of the captive Adult African Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderiamus, Temnick) Tropical Veterinarian 20 (1):27-35.
Okafor, E.C., Lakpini, C.A.M. and Fayomi, A. (2012). Dried gmelina (Gmelina arborea roxb) leaves as replacement forage to groundnut haulms in the diet of fattening Red Sokoto bucks. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 1(1): 5-10.
Okagbare, G.O., Akpodiete, O.J., Esiekpe, O. and Onagbesan, O.M. (2004). Evaluation of Gmelina arborea Leaves Supplemented with Grasses (Panicum Maximum and Pennisetum purpureum) as Feed for West African Dwarf Goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production 36, 593–598.
Okoli, I. C., Maureen, O., Anunobi, O., Obua, B. E. and Enemuo, V. (2003). Studies on selected browses of southeastern Nigeria with particular reference to their proximate and some endogenous anti-nutritional constituents. Livestock Research for Rural Development 15 (9): 3-7.
Olafadehan, O. A., Adewumi, M.K. and Okunade, S. A. (2014). Effects of feeding tannin containing forage in varying proportion with concentrate on the voluntary intake, haematological and biological indices of goats. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 1: 73 – 81.
Olafadehan, O.A., Njidda, A.A.,Okunade, S.A. Salihu, S.O., Balogun, D.O. and Salem, A.Z.M. (2018). Performance and haemtochemical parameters of buck-kids fed concentrate partially replaced with tropical Piliostigma thonningii foliage. Animal Science Journal 89, 340–347
Oluremi, O.I.A and Sridhar. M.K.C (2004). Effect of domestic effluent utilization on the blood characteristics of growing pullets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 31:200 206.
Oser, B.L. (1979). Hawks Physiological Chemistry. Mc Grew Hill publishing company. New Delhi, India.
Osuga, I. M., Abdulrazak, S. A., Ichinohe, T. and Fujihara, T. (2006). Rumen degradation and in vitro gas production parameters in some browse forages, grasses and maize stover from Kenya. Journal of the Food, Agriculture and Environment 4: 60-64.
Pearson, D. (1976). The chemical analysis of foods. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh. Pp. 352-354.
Peters T., Biamonte, G. T. and Doumas, B.T. (1982). Protein (Total protein) in serum. In : selected method of clinical chemist. Faulkner\, G.W.R and S. Mates (eds).American Association of Clinical Chemist. Pp 100-115.
Polshettiwar, S.A., Ganjiwale, R.O., Wadher, S.J., Yeole, P.G. (2007). Spectrophotometric estimation of total tannins in some ayurvedic eye drops. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 69 (4):574-576.
Peinado, V. I., Celdran, J. F. and Palomeque, J. (1999). Basic haematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity. Comparative Biochemical and Physiological Part A. 124: 199-203.
Reed, J.D. (1986). Relationship among soluble phenolics, insoluble proanthocyanidins and
fibre in East African browse species. Journal Range Management, 39: 5–7.
Sandabe, U.K and Yahi, D (2000). Effect of pregnancy on some haematological parameters in Sahel goats. Annals of Borno. 27: 326-330
SAS. (2004). Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 7th Ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA.
Sharma, D. D. S. and Chandra, S. S. (1969). The nutritive value and toxicity of OHI (Albizia stipulate Bovin) tree leaves. Journal of Research in Ludlhiana 6: 388-393.
Shakoor, A. R., Aslam, F. and Sabir, M. (1992). Effect of prolonged administration of insecticide (Cyhalothrin/karate) on the blood and liver of rabbits. Folia Biology. 40: 91-99
Schalm, O. W,, Jain, N. C and Carol, E. I (1975). Veterinary Haematology. 3rd Edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, P. 144-167.
Sirosis M. (1995). Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Procedure, pp. 160. Mosby Year Book, Inc., St Louis, Missouri, USA.
Tanner, J.C., Reed, J.D. and Owen, E. (1990). The nutritive value of fruits (pods with seeds) from four Acacia spp. Compared with noug (Guizotia abyssinica) meal as supplements to maize stover for Ethiopian highland sheep. Ani. Prod., 51: 127–133.
Teferedegne, B. (2000). New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition. Proceeding of Nutrition Society 59: 209-214.
Tibbo, M., Aragaw, K., Jibril, Y., Woldemeskel, M., Dawo, F. and Rege, J.E.O. (2004). Factors affecting haematological profiles in three Ethiopian indigenous goat breeds. International Journal of Applied Research and Veterinary Medicine 2(4): 297-309.
Turnera, K.E., Wildeusb, S., Collins, J.R., (2005). Intake, performance, and blood parameters in young goats offered high forage diets of lespedeza or alfalfa hay Small Ruminant Research 59: 15–23
Ukanwoko, A.I. and Okehielem O.V. (2016). Effect of Gmelina arborea leaf meal based diets on growth performance of West African Dwarf bucks. Asian Journal of Animal Science 10(2): 154-158.
Vakili AR, Khorrami B, Danesh Mesgaran M, Parand E. 2013. The effects of Thyme and Cinnamon essential oils on performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Holstein calves consuming high concentrate diet. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science 26, 935–944.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. (1991). Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal Dairy Science 74, 3583-3597.
Published
2020-10-24
How to Cite
Njidda, A. A., & Enoch, A. N. (2020). Haematology and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Red Sokoto Bucks Fed Gmelina arborea Leaf Meal as a Substitute for Soya Bean Meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 3(3), 86 - 100. Retrieved from http://www.njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/110
Section
Articles
