Mineral composition and variation in metabolizable energy of browse forages estimated using in vitro gas production and regression equations
Keywords:
Browse, in vitro, minerals, metabolizable energy
Abstract
Metabolizable energy (ME) contents of Poupartia sirrea, Prosopis africana. Pterocarpus erinceus, Sterculia setigera, Tamarindus indica, Vitex cuneata, Vitex doniana, Ziziphus abyssinica, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus spinacristi were predicted by the in vitro gas production technique using different regression equations obtained from previous experiments. The forage samples were also analyzed to determine their chemical and some micro minerals (Na, K, Ca, P and Mg) and micro minerals (Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Co and Se) composition. There were significant (P<0.05) difference between forages in terms of ME content. There were also significant difference (P<0.05) between ME contents of each forage predicted using different equations. The regression equation for prediction of ME had significant effect (p>0.05) on ME of forages. This resulted in different rank orders of forages based on ME. Therefore ME contents of forages predicted by gas production method using different regression equations obtained from previous experiments cannot be considered absolute. The results of the micro minerals showed significant difference among browse forages except for sodium (Na). The results for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (p), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) ranged from 0.54 to 1.25, 11.20 to 44.25.0.18 to 0.56 and 1.20 to 12.00 mg g-1 DM, respectively. The results also showed significant differences for Fe, Zn and Mn with values ranging from 1.62 to 6.22, 1.064 to 6.528 and 0.172 to 3.828 mg g-1 DM respectively. In conclusion the results of the macro and micro minerals are well within range and as such can sustain the mineral requirement of the various species of livestock. The use of gas production method cannot be considered absolute since ME values is affected by many factors.
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References
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Fievez, V., Babayemi, O.J. and Demeyer, D. (2005). Estimation of direct and indirect gas production in syringes: A tool to estimate short chain fatty acid production requiring minimal laboratory facilities. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123-124, 197-210.
Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. (2002). Tropical browse: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production. Journal Agricultural Science 139,341352.
Gomide, J.A., Noller, C.H Mott, G.O., Conrad, J.H. and Hill, D.L. (1969). Mineral composition of six tropical grasses as influenced by plant age and nitrogen fertilization, Agronomy Journal, 61: 120-123.
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Khan, Z.I., Ashraf, M., Javed I. and Ermidou-Pollet, S. (2007) Transfer of sodium from soil and forage to sheep and goats grazing in a semi-arid region of Pakistan. Influence of the seasons. Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 24, 49-54.
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Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf and L.R. McDowell. (2006). Mineral status of soil and forages in south western Punjab, Pakistan. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 19(8): 1139-1147.
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Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analyses and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development 28: 7-55.
Minson, D.J. (1990). Forage in ruminant nutrition. Academic press inc., London, UK., 483.
Nagadi, S., Herrero, M. and Jessop, N.S., (2000).The influence of diet of the donor animal on the initial bacterial concentration of ruminal fluid and in vitro gas production degradability parameters. Animal Feed Science and Technology 87: 231239.
Njidda, A.A., Ikhimioya, I, Muhammad, B.F. and Amaza, I.B. (2010). Chemical composition, fibre fraction and anti-nutritive substances. Proceedings of the 35thAnnual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production. 14-17 March, 2010, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp477-480.
Njidda, A.A. (2010a). In vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production of semi-arid browses of North- eastern Nigeria. Global veterinaria. 4 (3): 292-298.
Njidda, A.A Ikhimioya, I|. and O.J. Babayemi (2010b). variation of 24 h in vitro gas production and it relationship estimated metabolizable energy values of ruminant feeds.in: O.J Babayemi, O.A Abu, and E. O. Ewuola (eds.) Proceedings of the 35thAnnual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production.14-17 March, 2010, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Pp491-494.
Norton, B.W. (2003). The Nutritive value of tree legumes. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0j.htm.pp.1-10
NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th rev. ed. Washington, DC.
Ørskov, E.R and McDonald, P. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science 92:499-503.
Reuter, D.J and Robinson, J.B. (1997). Plant analysis. An interpretation manual. 2nd ed. CSIRO publishing: Melbourne.
Statistical Analysis System Institute Inc., (1988). SASSTAT Programme, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Shamat, A.M., Babiker, I.A, Mukhtar, A.M.S. and Ahmed, F.A. (2009). Seasonal and regional variations in mineral content of some important plants species selected by camels (Camelus dromedaries) in arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL). Sudan Journal of Applied Science Research 5(10): 1676-1684.
Trei, J., Hale, W.H., and Theurer, B., (1970). Effect of grain processing on in vitro gas production. Journal of Animal Science 30: 825-831.
Tiffany, M.E., McDowell, L.R. O’Connor, G.A., Nguyen, H., Martin, F.G., Wilkinson, N.S. and Katzowitz, N.A. (2001). Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Micro minerals. Communication in Soil. Science and Plant Analysis. 32:2211-2226.
Tokalioglu, S and S. Kartal. (2005). Determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe and Zn in algae and vegetable samples using wet and dry ashing procedure. Trace Element and Electrolytes, 22:169-173.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J. B and Lewis, B.A. (1991).Methods for dietary neutral detergent fibre and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583-3597.
Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart.
Anonymous. (1980). The Nutrients Requirement of Ruminant Livestock. 4th edition CAB international. Wallingford.
Anonymous. (1987) SAS System for linear models. SAS institute inc.,cary, North Carolina.
AOAC, (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, Vol. II., 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Arlington, VA, USA.
Aregheore, E.M (2002). Chemical evaluation and digestibility of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) by products fed to goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 34(4): 339-348.
Blue, W.G and Tergas, L.E.(1969). Dry season deterioration of forage quality in the wet-dry tropics. Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc., 29: 224.
Brooks, R.R (1998). Plants that hyperaccumulate heavy metals. Cab international: New York, 295-380.
Bonsi, M.I.K., Osuji, P.O., and Tuah, A.K. (1995). Effect of supplementing teff straw with different levels of Leucaena or Sesbania leaves on the degradability’s of teff straw, Sesbania.Tagasaste and Vernonia and on certain rumen and blood metabolites in Ethiopian menz sheep. Animal Feed science Technology. 52, 101-129.
Brooks, R.R. (1998). Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals. 384 pp. Wallingford: CAB International.
Dost, M. (2001). Fodder success story improved fodder crop production in the northern areas of Pakistan. Integrated Crop Management vol. 4, AGPC/FAO, Rome, p.23.
Dost, M., Hussain, A., Khan, S. and Bhatti, M.B. (1990). Locational differences in forage yield and quality of maize cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research.,33: 454-456.
Fievez, V., Babayemi, O.J. and Demeyer, D. (2005). Estimation of direct and indirect gas production in syringes: A tool to estimate short chain fatty acid production requiring minimal laboratory facilities. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123-124, 197-210.
Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. (2002). Tropical browse: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production. Journal Agricultural Science 139,341352.
Gomide, J.A., Noller, C.H Mott, G.O., Conrad, J.H. and Hill, D.L. (1969). Mineral composition of six tropical grasses as influenced by plant age and nitrogen fertilization, Agronomy Journal, 61: 120-123.
Johnson, J. F and Larson, G. (1999). Grassland Plants of South Dakota and the Northern great plains. South Dakota State University, Brooking, South Dakota.
Jumba, I.O., Suttle, N.F. and Wandiga, S.O. (1996). Mineral compostion of tropical forages in the Youssef F.G and Braithwaite, R.A.I. 1987. The mineral profile of some tropical grasses in Trinidad, Tropical Agriculture, 64(2): 112-128.
Kamalak, A, Canbolat, O., Gurbuz, Y., Ozay, O and Ozkose, E. (2004), Variation in metabolizable Energy content of forages estimated using in vitro gas production technique. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 7 (4): 601-605.
Khan, Z.I., Ashraf, M., Ahmad K., Ahmad N., Danish M. and Valeem, E. E. (2009). Evaluation of mineral composition of forages for grazing ruminants in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(5): 2465-2476.
Khan, Z.I., Ashraf, M., Javed I. and Ermidou-Pollet, S. (2007) Transfer of sodium from soil and forage to sheep and goats grazing in a semi-arid region of Pakistan. Influence of the seasons. Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 24, 49-54.
Khan. Z.I., Ashraf, M., Hussain A. and McDowell. L.R.(2005). Seasonal variation of trace elements in a semiarid veld pasture. Communications in Soil Sciences and Plant Analysis, 37:1471-1484.
Khan, Z.I., A Hussain, M. Ashraf, M.Y. Ashraf, E.E Valeem and M.S Ahmad. (2004). Soil and forage (Trace elements) Status of a grazing pasture in the semiarid region of Pakistan Journal of. Botany, 36(4): 851-856.
Khan, Z.I., A. Hussain, M. Ashraf and L.R. McDowell. (2006). Mineral status of soil and forages in south western Punjab, Pakistan. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 19(8): 1139-1147.
Lee, M.J., Hwang S.Y. and Chiou, P.W.S (2000). Metabolizable energy of roughages in Taiwan. Small Ruminant Research 36:251-259.
Mcdowell, L.R., Conrad, J.H. and Ellis, G.L. (1984). Mineral deficiencies and imbalances and their diagnosis. In: F.C.M. gilchrist and R.J. Mackie (eds), Herbivore nutrition in the subtropics and tropics. The Science Press.
Mcdowell., L.R. (1985). Nutrition of grazing ruminants in warm climates. Academic press New York, pp-443.
Mcdowell, L.R. (1992). Minerals in animal and human nutrition. Academic press, San Diego, California.
McDowell, L.R., and Arthington, J.D. (2005), “Minerals for grazing ruminants in tropical regions” Florida /IFAS, Gainesville, FL Meschy F (2000). Recent progress in the assessment of mineral requirements of goats. Livestock Production Science 64: 9-10
Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analyses and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development 28: 7-55.
Minson, D.J. (1990). Forage in ruminant nutrition. Academic press inc., London, UK., 483.
Nagadi, S., Herrero, M. and Jessop, N.S., (2000).The influence of diet of the donor animal on the initial bacterial concentration of ruminal fluid and in vitro gas production degradability parameters. Animal Feed Science and Technology 87: 231239.
Njidda, A.A., Ikhimioya, I, Muhammad, B.F. and Amaza, I.B. (2010). Chemical composition, fibre fraction and anti-nutritive substances. Proceedings of the 35thAnnual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production. 14-17 March, 2010, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp477-480.
Njidda, A.A. (2010a). In vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production of semi-arid browses of North- eastern Nigeria. Global veterinaria. 4 (3): 292-298.
Njidda, A.A Ikhimioya, I|. and O.J. Babayemi (2010b). variation of 24 h in vitro gas production and it relationship estimated metabolizable energy values of ruminant feeds.in: O.J Babayemi, O.A Abu, and E. O. Ewuola (eds.) Proceedings of the 35thAnnual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production.14-17 March, 2010, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Pp491-494.
Norton, B.W. (2003). The Nutritive value of tree legumes. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0j.htm.pp.1-10
NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th rev. ed. Washington, DC.
Ørskov, E.R and McDonald, P. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science 92:499-503.
Reuter, D.J and Robinson, J.B. (1997). Plant analysis. An interpretation manual. 2nd ed. CSIRO publishing: Melbourne.
Statistical Analysis System Institute Inc., (1988). SASSTAT Programme, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Shamat, A.M., Babiker, I.A, Mukhtar, A.M.S. and Ahmed, F.A. (2009). Seasonal and regional variations in mineral content of some important plants species selected by camels (Camelus dromedaries) in arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL). Sudan Journal of Applied Science Research 5(10): 1676-1684.
Trei, J., Hale, W.H., and Theurer, B., (1970). Effect of grain processing on in vitro gas production. Journal of Animal Science 30: 825-831.
Tiffany, M.E., McDowell, L.R. O’Connor, G.A., Nguyen, H., Martin, F.G., Wilkinson, N.S. and Katzowitz, N.A. (2001). Effects of residual and reapplied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. II. Micro minerals. Communication in Soil. Science and Plant Analysis. 32:2211-2226.
Tokalioglu, S and S. Kartal. (2005). Determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe and Zn in algae and vegetable samples using wet and dry ashing procedure. Trace Element and Electrolytes, 22:169-173.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J. B and Lewis, B.A. (1991).Methods for dietary neutral detergent fibre and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583-3597.
Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart.
Published
2020-10-24
How to Cite
Njidda, A. A. (2020). Mineral composition and variation in metabolizable energy of browse forages estimated using in vitro gas production and regression equations. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 3(3), 22 - 30. Retrieved from http://www.njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/104
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