Nutrient Intake, Growth and Blood Parameters of West African Dwarf goats fed Composite Diets Comprising of Rumen Waste, Poultry Waste and Cassava Peels
Keywords:
Wastes, Nutrient intake, Growth, Blood, West African Dwarf goat
Abstract
Rumen waste (RW), poultry waste (PW) and cassava peels (CP) are readily available in most agro industrial areas in Nigeria and harnessing them as feeds for West African dwarf goats will be of immense benefit to farmers. This study was undertaken to ascertain effects of feeding composite diets comprising of rumen waste, poultry waste and cassava peels on nutrient intake, growth and blood parameters of West African Dwarf goats. Four experimental diets were formulated with diet 1 (control) containing conventional feed materials while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained the wastes in varying proportions of 5, 15, and 25%. The goats were given a basal diet of concentrate containing brewer’s dried grain (BDG), vitamin/mineral salt mixtures and Panicum maximum. Chemical composition of the diets showed no significant (P > 0.05) differences in nutritional composition, except diet 3, which had higher (P < 0.05) values of Crude Protein (21.00 %) and NDF (61.00 %). Diets 2 and 3 had the least (P < 0.05) Metabolizable Energy of 3.91 and 5.65 MJ/Kg DM, respectively. Results of feeding trial showed significantly (P < 0.05) low nutrient intake for composite diets 2, 3 and 4 compared to diet 1 (control diet). Growth performance result showed that goats on diets 1 and 4 significantly (P < 0.05) gained more weight (1.07kg and 0.97kg respectively), while goats on diet 2 and 3 significantly (P < 0.05) lost weight (-1.63kg and -0.56kg respectively). Poor acceptability of diets 2 (5% RW, 15% PW and 25% CP) and 3 (15% RW, 25% PW and 5% CP) resulted in poor growth of goats on these diets. But diet 4 (25% RW, 5% PW and 25% CP) with lower nutrient intake compared to diet 1 (control), had a higher (P>0.05) feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of 0.14 compared to 0.07 for the latter. This was indicated in the weight gain of goats on diet 4 being comparable to those on 1 (0.97kg and 1.07kg respectively). Packed cell volume (PCV) and blood glucose were low for all diets, while urea levels were high. Therefore, an appropriate proportion of these wastes as in diet 4 (25% RW, 5% PW and 25% CP), ensuring adequate nutrition can be used to feed small ruminants.
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References
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Adeniji A.A. (2008). The feeding value of Rumen content-maggot meal mixture in the diets of early weaned piglets. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3:115-119.
Adeniji A. A and Balogun O.O. (2001). Evaluation of Blood Rumen Content mixture in the diets of starter chicks. Nigeria Journal of Animal Production: 28(2). Pp. 153-157.
AOAC (2000). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Method of Analysis, 15th edition, 22 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington Virginia USA
Asrat G.T., Berban, T. and Solomon, M. (2008). Inclusion of different proportions of poultry litter in the rations of yearling Hararghe Highland goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development.20 (3) 2008.
Bakshi M. P. S. and Fontenot, J. P. (1998). Processing and nutritive evaluation of broiler litter as livestock feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 74: 337-345.
Bello A. W. A and Tsado, D. N. (2013). Haemotological and Biochemical profile of growing Yankassa Rams fed Sorghum Stover supplemented with graded levels of dried poultry droppings based diets. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 16 (24): 1922 - 1928
Bawala T. O. Adegoke, E.O., Ojekunle, A. O., Adu, I. F., and Ama, A. B. J. (2007). Utilization of cassava peel and rumen epithelial waste diets by West African Dwarf Sheep. Asset Series A, (7): 168-180.
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Duncan, B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F. test. Biometrics. 11: 1-41.
El-sabban F.F., Hatzler B., Long J.W., Frear T.A., Elf D. Centry R.F. (1970). Value of processed poultry wastes as feed for ruminants. Journal of Animal Science. 31: 107-111.
El-Yassin, F.A., Fontenot, J.P. and ChesterJones H. (1991). Fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of rumen contents and blood ensiled with untreated or sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1751.
Fasae, O.A., Amos A.O., Owodunni A. and Yusuf A.O. (2015). Performance, Haematological Parameters and Faecal Egg Count of Semi-Intensively Managed West African Dwarf Sheep to Varying Levels of Cassava Leaves and Peels Supplementation. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 38 (1): 71 – 81.
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Jain N. C (1995). Essentials of Veterinary Haemotology. Lea and Febiger, Philadephia, P. A. Pp. 33 - 44
Kalio, G. A., Ayuk .A. A. and L. N. Agwunobi.(2014). Performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats Fed N-treated Source and Forage Supplemented Cassava Peels in Humid Cross River State, Nigeria.American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4(6). 629-638.
Lanyasunya, T.P., Wang, H. R., Abduirazak, S.A., Kabura, P.K., Makori, J.O.,Onyango, T.A. and Mwangi, D.M. (2006). Factors Limiting use of poultry manure as protein supplement for Dairy cattle on small holder farms in Kenya. Intl. J. Poultry Sc. 5(1): 75-80.
Nadeem, M. A, Ali A., Azim A. and Khan A. G. (1993). Effect of feeding broiler litter on growth and nutrient utilization Barbari goat. J. Agric. Sc. (Cambridge). 6: 73-77.
Ndlovu, L.R and Buchanan-Smith, J.G. (1987). Alfalfa supplementation of corncob diets for sheep. Comparison with higher volatile fatty acids, soya-bean protein and alfalfa fibre intake, environment and digestion in the rumen and digesta passage. Contained in Journal of Animal Science 67:10831091.
Ndubueze, A.I., Ukachukwu, S.N., hamefule, F.O.A. and Ibeawuchi, J.A. (2006). Milk yield and composition of grazing white Fulani cows fed Poultry WasteCassava Peel based diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.5:436 – 440.
NJagannath E. R. V (2000). Validation of micro treatment plants for community solid waste using environmental sound technology criterion. Internet conference on material flow analysis of integrated bio-system (March-October, 2000). www.earthplatform.com/environmental/sound technology
Okoruwa, M.I., Igene, F.U. and Isika, M.A. (2012). Replacement value of cassava peels with rice husk for guinea grass in the diet of West African dwarf sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science 4(7):254-261.
Olukayode M., Babafunso S. and Segun A. (2008). Conversion of abattoir wastes into livestock feed: Chemical composition of sun-dried rumen content blood meal and its effect on performance of broiler chickens. Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development. Tropentag 2008 University of Hohenheim, October 7-9, 2008
Onimisi P. A. and Omage, J.J. (2006).Evaluation of poultry litter as feedstuff for growing rabbits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 18
Orheruata A M., Nwokoro S. O., Oyekpan and A.E. Ojo (2010). Modeling the growth of rabbits raised in humid climate for improving breeding. African Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 5 (22): 3126 – 3129.
Owen, O.J., Amakiri, A.O. Ngodigha, E.M. and Chukwuigwe, E.C. (2008). The biological and economic effect of introducing poultry waste in rabbit’s diets. Int. J. Poultry. Sci. 7: 1036-1038.
Plumb DC (1999) Veterinary drug handbook. Iowa State University Press Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Practice Publishing Co., Iowa, Pp. 71.
Preston, T.R. and Leng, (1988).Matching livestock systems to available feed resources in the tropics and sub-tropcis Amidale, Australia panambul books. Pp. 21-100.
Puls , R. (1988). Mineral levels in animal health: diagnostic data, 2nd ed. Sherpa International, Clear book, Canada. Pp. 304
Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). (2008). Guide for personal computers. Statistical Analysis Software Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Tan Z. L., D.-X.Lul, M. Hul, W.-Y.Niul, C.Y.Hani, X.-P.Reni, R. Nal and S.-L. Lin (2002). Effect of Dietary Structural to Nonstructural Carbohydrate Ratio on Rumen Degradability and Digestibility of Fiber Fractions of Wheat Straw in Sheep. Inner Mongolian Academy of Animal Science, Huhhot, 010030, P. R. China.
Tinnimit P, Yu, Y, McGuffey Y. K. and Thomas J. W. (1972). Dried animal waste as a protein supplement for sheep. Journal of Animal Science 35: 431-435.http:// jas.fass.org/cgi/re
Ukanwoko, A.I, and Ibeawuchi, J.A. (2009). Nutrient Intake and Digestibility of West African Dwarf Bucks Fed Poultry Waste – Cassava Peels Based Diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8: 14611464
Van, Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber neutral detergent fiber and non – starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Yousuf, M.B., Adeloye A.A., Okukpe K.M., Adeyemi, K.D., Badmus, A.H.A., Daramola, J. O. and Ogundun, N.J. (2013). Growth performance Characteristics of Goats Fed Varied levels of Poultry Manure in whole Cassava Plant Based Concentrates Diets. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. 3(11): 823-828.
Adeniji A. A. (2001). The Potential of bovine blood rumen content meal as a feedstuff for livestock Tropical Animal Production Invest 4:151-156.
Adeniji A.A. (2008). The feeding value of Rumen content-maggot meal mixture in the diets of early weaned piglets. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3:115-119.
Adeniji A. A and Balogun O.O. (2001). Evaluation of Blood Rumen Content mixture in the diets of starter chicks. Nigeria Journal of Animal Production: 28(2). Pp. 153-157.
AOAC (2000). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Method of Analysis, 15th edition, 22 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington Virginia USA
Asrat G.T., Berban, T. and Solomon, M. (2008). Inclusion of different proportions of poultry litter in the rations of yearling Hararghe Highland goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development.20 (3) 2008.
Bakshi M. P. S. and Fontenot, J. P. (1998). Processing and nutritive evaluation of broiler litter as livestock feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 74: 337-345.
Bello A. W. A and Tsado, D. N. (2013). Haemotological and Biochemical profile of growing Yankassa Rams fed Sorghum Stover supplemented with graded levels of dried poultry droppings based diets. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 16 (24): 1922 - 1928
Bawala T. O. Adegoke, E.O., Ojekunle, A. O., Adu, I. F., and Ama, A. B. J. (2007). Utilization of cassava peel and rumen epithelial waste diets by West African Dwarf Sheep. Asset Series A, (7): 168-180.
Bawala T. O. Olomola, O. O. Akinsoyinu, A. O. and Babayemi, J. O. (2003). Performance of lactating WAD goats fed Urea-rumen epithelia tissue scrapings and ground nut cake based diets. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production. Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, i6 — 20th May, OAU, Ibadan. Edited by Taiwo A.A., Raji A.M., Ogbonna J.U. and E.A. Adebowale. Pp. 316-319.
Blood, D. C., Henderson, J. A., Radostits. O. M. (1979). Veterinary Medicine, 5th Edition Nalliere Lindell, London. Pp. 866.
Dairo F. A. S, Ama, O. O and Asafa, A.R. (2005). Performance evaluation of growing rabbits fed rations containing rumen content. Proceedings of 7th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. September 1619, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Editors: Fanimo A.O and J. A. Olanite. Pp 131.
Daramola, J. O., Adeloye, A. A., Fatoba, T. A and Soladoye, A. O. (2005). Haemotological and Biochemical parameters of West African goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 17. www. Cipav.org.co/Irrd.
Devendra C. and McLeroy, G.B. (1982). Goat and sheep production in the tropics. Intermediate tropical agriculture series. Longman Group, U.K. Pp. 271
Duncan, B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F. test. Biometrics. 11: 1-41.
El-sabban F.F., Hatzler B., Long J.W., Frear T.A., Elf D. Centry R.F. (1970). Value of processed poultry wastes as feed for ruminants. Journal of Animal Science. 31: 107-111.
El-Yassin, F.A., Fontenot, J.P. and ChesterJones H. (1991). Fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of rumen contents and blood ensiled with untreated or sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1751.
Fasae, O.A., Amos A.O., Owodunni A. and Yusuf A.O. (2015). Performance, Haematological Parameters and Faecal Egg Count of Semi-Intensively Managed West African Dwarf Sheep to Varying Levels of Cassava Leaves and Peels Supplementation. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 38 (1): 71 – 81.
Fraser, C.M. and Mays, A., (1986). The Merck Veterinary Manual. A handbook of diagnosis, therapy and disease prevention and control for the Veterinarian. 6th Edition. Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 905– 908.
Harris. P.J.C, Allison, M., Smith, H.G., Kindness, H.M and Kellye, J. (2001). The potential use of waste stream products for soil amelioration in periurban interface agricultural production systems. Waste composting for urban and peri-urban agriculture: closing rural urban nutrient cycle in Subsaharam Africa. International Waste Management Institute (IWMI) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (CABI publishing). Pp. 5
Inweh D. A., Oyegun B. J., Bamikole M. A. and Ikhatua U. J. (2011). Performance of West African Dwarf Goats fed different dietary levels of Cattle and Goat Rumen Contents. Proceedings of 36thAnnual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production (NSAP). 13-16t1i March, 2011. University of Abuja, Nigeria. Pp. 539541.
Jain N. C (1995). Essentials of Veterinary Haemotology. Lea and Febiger, Philadephia, P. A. Pp. 33 - 44
Kalio, G. A., Ayuk .A. A. and L. N. Agwunobi.(2014). Performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats Fed N-treated Source and Forage Supplemented Cassava Peels in Humid Cross River State, Nigeria.American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4(6). 629-638.
Lanyasunya, T.P., Wang, H. R., Abduirazak, S.A., Kabura, P.K., Makori, J.O.,Onyango, T.A. and Mwangi, D.M. (2006). Factors Limiting use of poultry manure as protein supplement for Dairy cattle on small holder farms in Kenya. Intl. J. Poultry Sc. 5(1): 75-80.
Nadeem, M. A, Ali A., Azim A. and Khan A. G. (1993). Effect of feeding broiler litter on growth and nutrient utilization Barbari goat. J. Agric. Sc. (Cambridge). 6: 73-77.
Ndlovu, L.R and Buchanan-Smith, J.G. (1987). Alfalfa supplementation of corncob diets for sheep. Comparison with higher volatile fatty acids, soya-bean protein and alfalfa fibre intake, environment and digestion in the rumen and digesta passage. Contained in Journal of Animal Science 67:10831091.
Ndubueze, A.I., Ukachukwu, S.N., hamefule, F.O.A. and Ibeawuchi, J.A. (2006). Milk yield and composition of grazing white Fulani cows fed Poultry WasteCassava Peel based diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.5:436 – 440.
NJagannath E. R. V (2000). Validation of micro treatment plants for community solid waste using environmental sound technology criterion. Internet conference on material flow analysis of integrated bio-system (March-October, 2000). www.earthplatform.com/environmental/sound technology
Okoruwa, M.I., Igene, F.U. and Isika, M.A. (2012). Replacement value of cassava peels with rice husk for guinea grass in the diet of West African dwarf sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science 4(7):254-261.
Olukayode M., Babafunso S. and Segun A. (2008). Conversion of abattoir wastes into livestock feed: Chemical composition of sun-dried rumen content blood meal and its effect on performance of broiler chickens. Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development. Tropentag 2008 University of Hohenheim, October 7-9, 2008
Onimisi P. A. and Omage, J.J. (2006).Evaluation of poultry litter as feedstuff for growing rabbits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 18
Orheruata A M., Nwokoro S. O., Oyekpan and A.E. Ojo (2010). Modeling the growth of rabbits raised in humid climate for improving breeding. African Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 5 (22): 3126 – 3129.
Owen, O.J., Amakiri, A.O. Ngodigha, E.M. and Chukwuigwe, E.C. (2008). The biological and economic effect of introducing poultry waste in rabbit’s diets. Int. J. Poultry. Sci. 7: 1036-1038.
Plumb DC (1999) Veterinary drug handbook. Iowa State University Press Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Practice Publishing Co., Iowa, Pp. 71.
Preston, T.R. and Leng, (1988).Matching livestock systems to available feed resources in the tropics and sub-tropcis Amidale, Australia panambul books. Pp. 21-100.
Puls , R. (1988). Mineral levels in animal health: diagnostic data, 2nd ed. Sherpa International, Clear book, Canada. Pp. 304
Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). (2008). Guide for personal computers. Statistical Analysis Software Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Tan Z. L., D.-X.Lul, M. Hul, W.-Y.Niul, C.Y.Hani, X.-P.Reni, R. Nal and S.-L. Lin (2002). Effect of Dietary Structural to Nonstructural Carbohydrate Ratio on Rumen Degradability and Digestibility of Fiber Fractions of Wheat Straw in Sheep. Inner Mongolian Academy of Animal Science, Huhhot, 010030, P. R. China.
Tinnimit P, Yu, Y, McGuffey Y. K. and Thomas J. W. (1972). Dried animal waste as a protein supplement for sheep. Journal of Animal Science 35: 431-435.http:// jas.fass.org/cgi/re
Ukanwoko, A.I, and Ibeawuchi, J.A. (2009). Nutrient Intake and Digestibility of West African Dwarf Bucks Fed Poultry Waste – Cassava Peels Based Diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8: 14611464
Van, Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber neutral detergent fiber and non – starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Yousuf, M.B., Adeloye A.A., Okukpe K.M., Adeyemi, K.D., Badmus, A.H.A., Daramola, J. O. and Ogundun, N.J. (2013). Growth performance Characteristics of Goats Fed Varied levels of Poultry Manure in whole Cassava Plant Based Concentrates Diets. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. 3(11): 823-828.
Published
2021-10-13
How to Cite
Inweh, D. A., Ikhatua U. J., & Bamikole M. A. (2021). Nutrient Intake, Growth and Blood Parameters of West African Dwarf goats fed Composite Diets Comprising of Rumen Waste, Poultry Waste and Cassava Peels . Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 4(3), 61 - 71. Retrieved from http://www.njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/159
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